Gusudira kw'ibyuma bivuga ubushobozi bwibikoresho byicyuma kugirango ubone uburyo bwiza bwo gusudira ukoresheje uburyo bumwe bwo gusudira, harimo uburyo bwo gusudira, ibikoresho byo gusudira, ibisobanuro byo gusudira hamwe nuburyo bwo gusudira.Niba icyuma gishobora kubona uburyo bwiza bwo gusudira ukoresheje uburyo busanzwe kandi bworoshye bwo gusudira, bifatwa nkibikorwa byiza byo gusudira.Ubudodo bwibikoresho byicyuma bigabanijwe mubice bibiri: gusudira inzira no gusudira.
Inzira yo gusudira: bivuga ubushobozi bwo kubona ingingo nziza, zidafite inenge zogusudira mugihe runaka cyo gusudira.Ntabwo ari umutungo wihariye wicyuma, ariko usuzumwa hashingiwe kuburyo runaka bwo gusudira hamwe nuburyo bwihariye bwakoreshejwe.Kubwibyo, uburyo bwo gusudira bwibikoresho byibyuma bifitanye isano rya hafi nuburyo bwo gusudira.
Weldability ya serivisi: bivuga urwego urwego rusudira cyangwa imiterere yose yujuje imikorere ya serivisi yagenwe nibicuruzwa bya tekiniki.Imikorere iterwa nuburyo akazi gakorwa imiterere yasuditswe hamwe nibisabwa bya tekiniki byashyizwe imbere mugushushanya.Mubisanzwe ushizemo imiterere yubukanishi, ubukana bwubushyuhe buke, kurwanya kuvunika kuvunika, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, umuvuduko wumunaniro, imbaraga zirambye, kurwanya ruswa no kurwanya kwambara, nibindi. na 09MnNiDR ibyuma byo hasi yubushyuhe nabyo bifite ubukana buke bwo hasi.
Ibintu bigira ingaruka kumikorere yo gusudira ibikoresho byicyuma
1.Ibintu bifatika
Ibikoresho birimo ibyuma fatizo nibikoresho byo gusudira.Mubihe bimwe byo gusudira, ibintu byingenzi byerekana gusudira kwicyuma fatizo ni imiterere yumubiri hamwe nibigize imiti.
Kubireba imiterere yumubiri: ibintu nkibishonga, ubushyuhe bwumuriro, coefficente yo kwagura umurongo, ubwinshi, ubushobozi bwubushyuhe nibindi bintu byicyuma byose bigira ingaruka mubikorwa nka cycle yumuriro, gushonga, kristu, guhinduka kwicyiciro, nibindi. , bityo bigira ingaruka ku gusudira.Ibikoresho bifite ubushyuhe buke bwumuriro nkibyuma bidafite ingese bifite ubushyuhe bunini bwa gradients, guhangayika cyane, hamwe no guhindura ibintu mugihe cyo gusudira.Byongeye kandi, kubera igihe kirekire cyo gutura ku bushyuhe bwinshi, ibinyampeke muri zone yibasiwe nubushyuhe birakura, bikaba byangiza imikorere ihuriweho.Ibyuma bitagira umuyonga bya Austenitike bifite umurongo munini wo kwagura umurongo hamwe no guhindagurika gukomeye hamwe no guhangayika.
Kubijyanye nimiterere yimiti, ikintu gikomeye cyane ni karubone, bivuze ko ibirimo karubone yibyuma bigena gusudira kwayo.Byinshi mubindi bintu bivanga mubyuma ntabwo bifasha gusudira, ariko ingaruka zabyo muri rusange ni nto cyane ugereranije na karubone.Mugihe ibyuka bya karubone mubyuma byiyongera, imyumvire yo gukomera igenda yiyongera, plastike iragabanuka, kandi ibice byo gusudira bikunda kubaho.Mubisanzwe, ibyiyumvo byibikoresho byibyuma kumeneka mugihe cyo gusudira hamwe nimpinduka mumiterere yubukanishi bwahantu hasuditswe bikoreshwa nkibipimo nyamukuru byo gusuzuma ubudodo bwibikoresho.Kubwibyo, hejuru ya karubone, niko gusudira ari bibi.Icyuma gike cya karubone hamwe nicyuma giciriritse gifite karubone iri munsi ya 0.25% bifite plastike nziza ningaruka zikomeye, kandi plastike ningaruka zikomeye zingingo zasuditswe nyuma yo gusudira nabyo ni byiza cyane.Gushyushya ubushyuhe na nyuma yo gusudira ntibisabwa mugihe cyo gusudira, kandi inzira yo gusudira iroroshye kugenzura, bityo ifite gusudira neza.
Mubyongeyeho, gushonga no kuzunguruka, imiterere yubushyuhe, imiterere yubuyobozi, nibindi byuma byose bigira ingaruka kubudodo kurwego rutandukanye.Gusudira ibyuma birashobora kunozwa mugutunganya cyangwa gutunganya ibinyampeke hamwe nuburyo bugenzurwa.
Ibikoresho byo gusudira bigira uruhare rutaziguye mu ruhererekane rw'imiti ya metallurgiki mu gihe cyo gusudira, bigena imiterere, imiterere, imiterere n'imiterere y'icyuma gisudira.Niba ibikoresho byo gusudira byatoranijwe bidakwiye kandi bidahuye nicyuma fatizo, ntabwo bizahuza gusa ibyujuje ibisabwa kugirango bikoreshwe ntibizaboneke, ariko inenge nkibice ndetse nimpinduka mumiterere yimiterere nabyo bizatangizwa.Kubwibyo, guhitamo neza ibikoresho byo gusudira nikintu cyingenzi mugukora neza-gusudira neza.
2. Impamvu
Ibintu bitunganijwe birimo uburyo bwo gusudira, ibipimo byo gusudira, uko gusudira bikurikirana, gushyushya, nyuma yo gushyushya no gutunganya ubushyuhe nyuma yo gusudira, nibindi.
Uburyo butandukanye bwo gusudira bufite ubushyuhe butandukanye cyane mubijyanye nimbaraga, ubwinshi bwingufu, ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo gushyushya, nibindi. Ibyuma bisudira munsi yubushyuhe butandukanye bizerekana ibintu bitandukanye byo gusudira.Kurugero, imbaraga zo gusudira za electroslag ni nyinshi cyane, ariko ubwinshi bwingufu ni buke cyane, kandi ubushyuhe ntarengwa bwo hejuru ntabwo buri hejuru.Ubushyuhe butinda mugihe cyo gusudira, kandi ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo gutura ni burebure, bikavamo ibinyampeke bito muri zone yibasiwe nubushyuhe no kugabanuka gukabije kwingaruka, bigomba kuba bisanzwe.Gutezimbere.Ibinyuranye, gusudira ibiti bya elegitoronike, gusudira laser nubundi buryo bifite imbaraga nke, ariko ubwinshi bwingufu nubushyuhe bwihuse.Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo gutura ni bugufi, agace katewe nubushyuhe ni kagufi cyane, kandi nta kaga ko gukura ingano.
Guhindura ibipimo byo gusudira no gufata izindi ngamba zogukora nko gushyushya, gushyushya, gusudira ibyiciro byinshi no kugenzura ubushyuhe bwimbere hagati bishobora guhindura no kugenzura inzitizi yumuriro, bityo bigahindura gusudira kwicyuma.Niba ingamba nko gushyushya mbere yo gusudira cyangwa kuvura ubushyuhe nyuma yo gusudira, birashoboka rwose kubona ingingo zasuditswe zidafite inenge zujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa.
3. Ibintu byubaka
Byerekeza cyane cyane ku gishushanyo mbonera cyimiterere yo gusudira hamwe ningingo zasuditswe, nkingaruka ziterwa nibintu nkimiterere yimiterere, ingano, ubunini, imiterere ya groove, imiterere ya weld hamwe nuburyo bwambukiranya ibice kuri weldability.Ingaruka zayo zigaragarira cyane cyane mu guhererekanya ubushyuhe na leta yingufu.Ubunini butandukanye bwibisahani, imiterere itandukanye cyangwa imiterere ya groove ifite icyerekezo cyihuta cyo kohereza ubushyuhe nigipimo, ibyo bizagira ingaruka kumyerekezo ya kristu no gukura kwimbuto za pisine yashongeshejwe.Guhindura imiterere, uburebure bwa plaque hamwe no gutondekanya gusudira bigena gukomera no gukumira ingingo, bigira ingaruka kumiterere yibihuru.Imyitwarire idahwitse ya kirisiti, guhangayikishwa cyane no guhangayikishwa cyane no gusudira ni ibintu by'ibanze kugirango habeho gusudira.Mu gishushanyo, kugabanya gukomera hamwe, kugabanya gusudira, no kugabanya ibintu bitandukanye bitera guhangayika ni ingamba zingenzi zogutezimbere.
4. Ibisabwa
Yerekeza ku bushyuhe bwo gukora, imiterere yimitwaro hamwe nuburyo bukoreshwa mugihe cya serivisi yimiterere yasuditswe.Ibidukikije bikora hamwe nuburyo bukora bisaba gusudira kugirango ugire imikorere ijyanye.Kurugero, ibyubatswe byasudutse bikora ku bushyuhe buke bigomba kuba byoroshye kuvunika kuvunika;inyubako zikora ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru zigomba kuba zifite imbaraga zo guhangana;inzego zikora munsi yimizigo igomba kugira umunaniro mwiza;inyubako zikora muri acide, alkali cyangwa itangazamakuru ryumunyu Igikoresho cyasudwe kigomba kugira ruswa nyinshi kandi nibindi.Muri make, uko ibintu byakoreshejwe bikabije, niko bisabwa ubuziranenge bwibisabwa hamwe, kandi biragoye kugirango uburinganire bwibikoresho.
Kumenyekanisha no gusuzuma ibipimo byo gusudira ibikoresho byuma
Mugihe cyo gusudira, ibicuruzwa bigenda bisudira inzira yubushyuhe, reaction ya metallurgjique, kimwe no gusudira hamwe no guhindura ibintu, bikavamo impinduka mubigize imiti, imiterere ya metallografiya, ingano n'imiterere, bigatuma imikorere yibihuru bisudira akenshi bitandukanye nibya Uwiteka ibikoresho fatizo, rimwe na rimwe ntibishobora kandi kuzuza ibisabwa byo gukoresha.Kubintu byinshi byoroshye cyangwa byangiritse, uburyo bwihariye bwo gusudira nka elegitoroniki yo gusudira cyangwa gusudira laser bigomba gukoreshwa kugirango ubone ingingo nziza.Ibikoresho bike nibikoresho bigoye hamwe ningorabahizi nkeya zisabwa kugirango uhuze neza gusudira kubintu, nibyiza gusudira kwibikoresho;muburyo bunyuranye, niba uburyo bwo gusudira bugoye kandi buhenze, ibikoresho byihariye byo gusudira hamwe ningamba zo gutunganya birakenewe, bivuze ko ibikoresho Gusudira ari bibi.
Mugihe cyo gukora ibicuruzwa, gusudira kwibikoresho byakoreshejwe bigomba kubanza gusuzumwa kugirango hamenyekane niba ibikoresho byatoranijwe byubatswe, ibikoresho byo gusudira, nuburyo bwo gusudira bukwiye.Hariho uburyo bwinshi bwo gusuzuma gusudira ibikoresho.Buri buryo bushobora gusobanura gusa ikintu runaka cyo gusudira.Kubwibyo, ibizamini birasabwa kugirango umenye neza gusudira.Uburyo bwikizamini bushobora kugabanywa muburyo bwo kwigana nubwoko bwikigereranyo.Iyambere yigana ubushyuhe no gukonjesha biranga gusudira;ibizamini bya nyuma ukurikije uko gusudira bifatika.Ibizamini ni ukumenya cyane cyane imiterere yimiti, imiterere ya metallografiya, imiterere yubukanishi, hamwe no kubura cyangwa kutagira inenge zo gusudira zicyuma fatizo nicyuma gisudira, no kumenya imikorere yubushyuhe buke, imikorere yubushyuhe bwo hejuru, kurwanya ruswa, na gucika intege zo gusudira hamwe.
Ibiranga gusudira biranga ibikoresho bisanzwe bikoreshwa
1. Gusudira ibyuma bya karubone
(1) Gusudira ibyuma bike bya karubone
Ibyuma bya karubone bike bifite karubone nkeya, manganese nkeya na silicon.Mubihe bisanzwe, ntabwo bizatera imiterere ikomeye yo gukomera cyangwa kuzimya bitewe no gusudira.Ubu bwoko bwibyuma bufite plastike nziza ningaruka zikomeye, kandi plastike nubukomezi bwingingo zayo zasudiwe nabyo nibyiza cyane.Gushyushya no gushyushya ubusanzwe ntibisabwa mugihe cyo gusudira, kandi ingamba zidasanzwe ntizisabwa kugirango ubone ingingo zisudira zifite ireme rishimishije.Kubwibyo, ibyuma bike bya karubone bifite imikorere myiza yo gusudira kandi nicyuma gifite imikorere myiza yo gusudira mubyuma byose..
(2) Gusudira ibyuma biciriritse
Icyuma giciriritse giciriritse gifite karubone nyinshi kandi gusudira kwayo ni bibi kuruta ibyuma bya karubone.Iyo CE yegereye imipaka yo hasi (0,25%), gusudira nibyiza.Mugihe imyuka ya karubone yiyongera, imyifatire yo gukomera iriyongera, kandi imiterere ya martensite ya plastike nkeya ikorwa byoroshye muri zone yibasiwe nubushyuhe.Iyo gusudira bisa nkibikomeye cyangwa ibikoresho byo gusudira hamwe nibikorwa byo gutoranya byatoranijwe nabi, imbeho ikonje irashobora kubaho.Iyo gusudira igice cya mbere cyo gusudira ibice byinshi, bitewe nigice kinini cyibyuma fatizo byahujwe no gusudira, ibirimo karubone, sulfure na fosifore biriyongera, bigatuma byoroha kubyara ibice bishyushye.Mubyongeyeho, ibyiyumvo bya stomatal nabyo byiyongera mugihe karubone iba myinshi.
(3) Gusudira ibyuma bya karubone ndende
Ibyuma byinshi bya karubone hamwe na CE birenga 0,6% bifite ubukana bwinshi kandi bikunda kubyara karubone nyinshi ya karubone.Ibice bikunze kugaragara muri weld hamwe na zone ziterwa nubushyuhe, bigatuma gusudira bigorana.Kubwibyo, ubu bwoko bwibyuma ntabwo bukoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho byo gusudira, ariko bikoreshwa mugukora ibice cyangwa ibice bifite ubukana bwinshi cyangwa kwambara birwanya.Ibyinshi mu gusudira kwabo ni ugusana ibice byangiritse.Ibi bice nibigize bigomba gufatanwa mbere yo gusana kugirango bigabanye gusudira, hanyuma ubushyuhe bwongeye kuvurwa nyuma yo gusudira.
2. Gusudira ibyuma bito bito cyane imbaraga zicyuma
Ibirimo bya karubone bifite imbaraga nke-zifite imbaraga nyinshi mubyuma ntibishobora kurenga 0,20%, kandi ibintu byose bivangavanze muri rusange ntibirenza 5%.Nukuri kuberako ibyuma-byoroheje-imbaraga-ibyuma bikomeye birimo urugero rwinshi rwibintu bivangavanze imikorere yacyo yo gusudira itandukanye cyane nicyuma cya karubone.Ibiranga gusudira ni ibi bikurikira:
(1) Gusudira ibice mu gusudira
Ubukonje buvunitse buke-buvanze cyane-ibyuma birimo C, Mn, V, Nb nibindi bintu bikomeza ibyuma, biroroshye rero gukomera mugihe cyo gusudira.Izi nyubako zikomeye zirakomeye cyane.Kubwibyo, iyo gukomera ari binini cyangwa guhagarika imipaka ni byinshi, niba inzira yo gusudira idakwiye ishobora gutera byoroshye gukonja.Byongeye kandi, ubu bwoko bwa crack bufite gutinda kandi byangiza cyane.
Ubushuhe (SR) Ibisusurutsa Ubushuhe nubusobekerane bwimibumbe iboneka mugace kegeranye cyane hafi yumurongo wa fusion mugihe cyo kuvura ubushyuhe nyuma yo gusudira cyangwa kuvura ubushyuhe bwigihe kirekire.Mubisanzwe abantu bemeza ko bibaho kubera ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo gusudira butera V, Nb, Cr, Mo nizindi karbide hafi ya HAZ gushonga cyane muri austenite.Ntibafite umwanya wo kugwa mugihe cyo gukonjesha nyuma yo gusudira, ariko gutatanya no kugwa mugihe cya PWHT, bityo bigashimangira imiterere ya kristu.Imbere, guhindagurika kwimiterere mugihe cyo kuruhuka kwibanda kumupaka wingano.
Amashanyarazi make-yingufu zikomeye ibyuma bisudira hamwe mubisanzwe ntabwo bikunda gushyuha, nka 16MnR, 15MnVR, nibindi. 07MnCrMoVR, kubera ko Nb, V, na Mo ari ibintu bifite sensibilité ikomeye yo kongera gushyuha, ubu bwoko bwibyuma bugomba kuvurwa mugihe cyo kuvura ubushyuhe nyuma yo gusudira.Hagomba kwitonderwa kugirango wirinde ubushuhe bukabije bwubushyuhe bwo gushyuha kugirango wirinde ko habaho ubushyuhe.
(2) Kwinjiza no koroshya ingingo zasuditswe
Kwiyunvira gusaza kwifata ingingo Zasudutse zigomba kunyura muburyo bukonje (kogosha ubusa, kuzunguza ingunguru, nibindi) mbere yo gusudira.Ibyuma bizabyara plastike.Niba ako gace karushijeho gushyuha kugeza kuri 200 kugeza kuri 450 ° C, hazabaho gusaza cyane..Kunanirwa gusaza bizagabanya plastike yicyuma kandi byongere ubushyuhe bwinzibacyuho, bikavunika kuvunika ibikoresho.Kuvura ubushyuhe nyuma yo gusudira birashobora gukuraho gusaza kwingutu zuburyo bwo gusudira no kugarura ubukana.
Kwinjizamo gusudira hamwe na zone yibasiwe nubushyuhe Welding nuburyo bwo gushyushya no gukonjesha bitaringaniye, bivamo imiterere idahwanye.Ubushyuhe bwinzibacyuho buke bwa weld (WM) na zone yibasiwe nubushyuhe (HAZ) burenze ubw'icyuma fatizo kandi ni ihuriro ridakomeye mu ngingo.Ingufu zo gusudira zifite ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere yibikoresho bito-binini cyane-ibyuma bya WM na HAZ.Ibyuma-bivanze cyane-ibyuma byoroshye biroroshye gukomera.Niba ingufu z'umurongo ari nto cyane, martensite izagaragara muri HAZ kandi itere ibice.Niba ingufu z'umurongo ari nini cyane, ibinyampeke bya WM na HAZ bizahinduka bibi.Bizotera ingingo guhinduka.Ugereranije nicyuma gishyushye kandi gisanzwe, ibyuma bya karuboni nkeya yazimye kandi ifite ubushyuhe bifite imyumvire ikomeye yo kwinjiza HAZ iterwa ningufu zikabije zumurongo.Kubwibyo, mugihe cyo gusudira, ingufu zumurongo zigomba kugarukira kumurongo runaka.
Kworoshya agace katewe nubushyuhe bwingingo zasuditswe Bitewe nigikorwa cyubushyuhe bwo gusudira, hanze yakarere katewe nubushyuhe (HAZ) ya karubone nkeya yazimye kandi ifite ubushyuhe burashyuha hejuru yubushyuhe, cyane cyane agace kegereye Ac1, izatanga umusaruro woroshye hamwe nimbaraga zagabanutse.Kworoshya imiterere muri zone ya HAZ byiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwingufu zumurongo wo gusudira hamwe nubushyuhe bwo gushyuha, ariko mubisanzwe imbaraga zingana muri zone yoroshye ziracyari hejuru kurenza urugero rwo hasi rwagaciro gasanzwe kicyuma fatizo, bityo zone yibasiwe nubushyuhe y'ubu bwoko bw'ibyuma byoroshya Igihe cyose gukora bikwiye, ikibazo ntikizagira ingaruka kumikorere.
3. Gusudira ibyuma bitagira umwanda
Ibyuma bitagira umuyonga birashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bine ukurikije ibyuma byayo bitandukanye, aribyo ibyuma bya austenitike, ibyuma bya ferritic, ibyuma bya martensitike, ibyuma bya martensitike, na austenitis-ferritic duplex ibyuma bitagira umuyonga.Ibikurikira birasesengura cyane cyane ibiranga gusudira ibyuma bya austenitis ibyuma bitagira umuyonga hamwe nibyuma byombi.
(1) Gusudira ibyuma bya austenitis
Ibyuma bya Austenitike bitagira umuyonga byoroshye gusudira kuruta ibindi byuma.Ntabwo impinduka zizahinduka mubushyuhe ubwo aribwo bwose kandi ntabwo yunvikana na hydrogen.Icyuma cya austenitike kitagira ibyuma nacyo gifite plastike nziza nubukomezi muri reta.Ibibazo nyamukuru byo gusudira ni: gusudira gushushe gushushe, kwinjiza, kwangirika hagati yimibumbe no kwangirika kwinshi, nibindi.Iyo gusudira, ubushyuhe bwo gusudira bwinjiza bugomba kuba buto bushoboka, kandi ntihakagombye kubaho ubushyuhe, kandi ubushyuhe bwimbere bugomba kugabanuka.Ubushyuhe bwo hagati bugomba kugenzurwa munsi ya 60 ° C, hamwe no gusudira bigomba gusigara.Kugabanya ubushyuhe bwinjiza, umuvuduko wo gusudira ntugomba kwiyongera cyane, ariko umuyoboro wo gusudira ugomba kugabanuka muburyo bukwiye.
(2) Gusudira austenitis-ferritic inzira ebyiri zicyuma
Austenitike-ferritic duplex ibyuma bidafite ibyuma ni duplex ibyuma bitagira ibyuma bigizwe nibice bibiri: austenite na ferrite.Ihuza ibyiza byibyuma bya austenitike nicyuma cya ferritic, bityo ikaba ifite ibiranga imbaraga nyinshi, kurwanya ruswa neza no gusudira byoroshye.Kugeza ubu, hari ubwoko butatu bwingenzi bwa duplex idafite ibyuma: Cr18, Cr21, na Cr25.Ibintu nyamukuru biranga ubu bwoko bwo gusudira ibyuma ni: ubushyuhe bwo hasi bwumuriro ugereranije nicyuma cya austenitis;impengamiro yo hasi nyuma yo gusudira ugereranije nicyuma cyiza cya ferritic, kandi urugero rwa ferrite coarsening muri zone yibasiwe nubushyuhe Nabwo buri hasi, bityo gusudira nibyiza.
Kubera ko ubu bwoko bwibyuma bufite imiterere yo gusudira, gushyushya no gushyushya ntibisabwa mugihe cyo gusudira.Isahani yoroheje igomba gusudwa na TIG, kandi isahani yo hagati nubunini irashobora gusudwa na arc gusudira.Iyo gusudira ukoresheje arc gusudira, inkoni zidasanzwe zo gusudira zifite ibice bisa nicyuma fatizo cyangwa inkoni yo gusudira ya austenitike ifite karubone nkeya.Nickel ishingiye kuri alloy electrode irashobora kandi gukoreshwa mubwoko bwa Cr25 ibyuma bibiri.
Ibyuma bibiri-byicyiciro bifite igice kinini cya ferrite, hamwe nuburyo bwo kwinjiza ibyuma bya ferritic, nkubukonje kuri 475 ° C, σ imvura yimvura hamwe nintete nini, biracyahari, gusa kuberako hariho austenite.Ubutabazi bumwe bushobora kuboneka binyuze muburyo bwo kuringaniza, ariko uracyakeneye kwitondera mugihe cyo gusudira.Iyo gusudira Ni-yubusa cyangwa hasi-Ni duplex ibyuma bitagira umuyonga, hari imyumvire ya ferrite yicyiciro kimwe hamwe no guhunika ingano muri zone yibasiwe nubushyuhe.Muri iki gihe, hagomba kwitonderwa kugenzura ubushyuhe bwo gusudira, no kugerageza gukoresha amashanyarazi mato, umuvuduko mwinshi wo gusudira, hamwe no gusudira umuyoboro muto.Kandi gusudira-pass nyinshi kugirango wirinde guhunika ingano hamwe na ferriteisation yicyiciro kimwe muri zone yibasiwe nubushyuhe.Ubushyuhe buri hagati yuburinganire ntibugomba kuba hejuru cyane.Nibyiza gusudira inzira ikurikira nyuma yo gukonja.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-11-2023